Another common particle type is the preverb (IPV). Preverbs are always added before (or prefixed to) verbs. Because they cannot occur alone (i.e. are bound or dependent forms), they are always marked with a following hyphen (-).

(1)  māci-          “begin to, start to”

Preverbs serve a number of functions, both grammatical and lexical. Grammatical preverbs serve such functions as marking Conjunct Order clause-typing (2), hypotheticality (3), and a variety of tense (4), aspect (5), and modal (6) categories, while lexical preverbs include such forms as directionals (7), emphatics (8), and a large range of adverbials (9).

(2)  Conjunct Marker:
  a) complementizer:   ē-                 “as, that”
  b) relativizer:             kā-               “who, which, where, when”

(3)  Hypothetical:        kāh-           “would, ought to; could; likely to”

(4)  Tense:
  a) future:                   ka-             “will, shall, in the future”  [also ta-]
  b) past:                      kī-              “in the past; to completion”

(5)  Aspect: 
  a)  prospective:          wī-              “going to; intend to, be about to”
  b)  progressive:          ati-              “start to, begin to, beginning; becoming, progressively”
  c)  frequentive:           pāh-            “intermittent, repeatedly; again and again; here and there” [reduplication]

(6)  Modality:
  a) abilitative:              ka-kī-           “can, be able to”
  b) conative:                kakwē‑        “try to, attempt to”

(7)  Directional:            pē-               “come and, come to; towards, approaching”

(8)  Emphatic:              kakwātaki-  “terribly; dreadfully, insufferably; greatly”

(9)  Adverbial:
  a)                               miýo-           “good, well, beautifully”
  b)                               kisīwi-          “angrily, in anger”
  c)                                mosci-         “just, merely, plainly, simply, directly”
  d)                               wīsaki-         “painfully, sharply; sorely; bitterly”

This is certainly not an exhaustive list, but offered here as a start. The grammar of preverbs is a topic that will be elaborated under the Phrase and Clause sections, since they are always used in combination with a main verb stem in the construction of more elaborate verbs, verb phrases and clauses.